關(guān)于知識(shí)價(jià)值論與勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論的關(guān)系淺析

Marx's labor theory of value is the basic principles of Marxism an important part, is the cornerstone of Marxist political economy, Marx's dialectical materialism and historical materialism, on the productive forces and production relations prevailing conducted a systematic survey and in-depth analysis established on the basis of. Practice has proved that Marx's labor theory of value creation can stand the test of practice is the correct theory. With the development of Marx's labor theory of value constantly being some challenges, especially in the era of knowledge economy, "knowledge value" theory proposed raises Labor questioned.

First, the "Knowledge Value Theory" and Its Influence "labor theory of value" of the question

馬克思的勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論是馬克思主義基本原理的重要組成部分，是馬克思主義政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基石，是馬克思運(yùn)用辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義，對當(dāng)時(shí)的生產(chǎn)力和生產(chǎn)關(guān)系進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)調(diào)查和深入分析的基礎(chǔ)上建立起來的。實(shí)踐證明，馬克思創(chuàng)立的勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論是經(jīng)得起實(shí)踐檢驗(yàn)的正確的理論。隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展，馬克思的勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論不斷受到一些挑戰(zhàn)，特別是進(jìn)入知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代，“知識(shí)價(jià)值論”的提出引起了人們對勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論的質(zhì)疑。

Since the 1950s, along with the rapid development of productive forces and the tremendous advances in science and technology, directly involved in the production of material goods fewer and fewer workers in developed countries, the number of white collar workers in developed countries has more than blue-collar workers; technology industry, information consultation industry, finance and insurance services as well as the production and life of the many non-material production sectors in the national economy, but the proportion is increasing. Both developed and developing countries to increase investment in high-tech fields and education in order to fierce competition in the country occupy certain seats ...... Over the last decade, the rapid development of information technology, human genetic engineering, nanotechnology and so constantly new achievements, mankind has entered the era of knowledge economy.

International Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the report of the "knowledge-based economy" for the knowledge economy of a famous definition: "knowledge economy is built on knowledge and information production, distribution and use on the basis of the economic." knowledge economy is built on knowledge updates and information production, distribution and application on top of the new economy. It is the knowledge and information of the production, distribution and use as the basis for creative human resources as the basis for high-tech industry and the information industry as the pillar on the sources of growth in the economy. Technological progress on economic growth play a decisive role.

Theory of Knowledge Value think. Replace the Knowledge Economy Times capital and labor as the most important factor of production and wealth. Some scholars believe that the knowledge in the economy to reflect the primacy of economic theory to use the "knowledge theory of value" instead of "labor theory of value." Such as the American futurist John Naisbitt in the "trend" wrote: "'Labor' was born in the early industrial economy, will be the new 'knowledge theory of value' are replaced in the information society, the value of The growth is not through labor, but achieved through knowledge, knowledge is a completely different type of work, "" We need to create a knowledge theory of value. " "Commodity knowledge of the value of the entity, the value is used in the product manufacturing process determined by the amount of knowledge." "Knowledge of the use to create new value in production, creating greater production or purchase of the value it takes. I believes that this is the main content of the knowledge theory of value. " In 1985, a Japanese scholar mustard house too in the "Knowledge Value Revolution" by "knowledge value society" to describe the future of society. He said: "I am here leads to the 'knowledge value' of this new concept. Definition, is 'the value of knowledge', 'knowledge of the value created' a more rigorous definition is: the social construction and social accord subjective and social recognition of creative intellectual value. "December 1999 Peking University history professor Mr. He Shunguo published" labor time is no longer determine value - Millennium Economic Review, "a text, according to the 20th century practice of economic development, clearly illustrates the era of knowledge economy "is no longer working time and are no longer bound to determine the measure of value."

20世紀(jì)50年代以來，伴隨著生產(chǎn)力的快速發(fā)展和科技的巨大進(jìn)步，直接參與物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的工人在發(fā)達(dá)國家越來越少，在發(fā)達(dá)國家白領(lǐng)工人的數(shù)目已經(jīng)超過藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人；科技產(chǎn)業(yè)、信息咨詢業(yè)、金融保險(xiǎn)業(yè)以及為生產(chǎn)與生活服務(wù)的眾多非物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)部門在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中所占的比重卻日益提高。不管是發(fā)達(dá)國家還是發(fā)展中國家都加大對高科技領(lǐng)域和教育的投資，以便在激烈的國家競爭中占有一定席位……近十幾年來，信息技術(shù)發(fā)展迅速，人類基因工程，納米技術(shù)等不斷取得新成就，人類已經(jīng)邁入知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代。 

Second, the knowledge does not negate the Labor Theory of Value

But the knowledge of the proposed theory of value on the labor theory of value is not negative, Labor still has a fresh vitality because:

First. In the era of knowledge economy, knowledge products still has a twofold product attributes - use value and value.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

Knowledge is an object belongs to human nature has objective content (information) of the form of consciousness. It is not innate human brain, but the person's conscious mind through the human brain activities related to the concept of object to grasp, is the product of human physical and mental. Knowledge as a human understanding of objective things, an energy product, is the crystallization of human labor or labor outcomes, rather than human labor itself. When knowledge is involved in the production and exchange process to form a knowledge products, so they have a value and use value. Knowledge products whether tangible or intangible, can meet certain human needs, have usefulness, and thus has a use value; but the knowledge itself does not create value, as even the most advanced machinery and equipment does not create value as well, so knowledge products are the results of the hard work of people, knowledge products have value.

Secondly, in the era of knowledge economy, labor duality theory still applies.

Some scholars have proposed Labor outdated, which on the one hand because they think Marx labor theory of value creation in fashion early industrial economy, science and technology is not developed, in the labor process is dominated by manual labor, which Marx referred to the creation of the value of labor is manual labor, such advances in science and technology and the knowledge economy began to take shape today, the labor theory of value has ceased to exist. Although Marx's time, direct labor workers, mainly in physical labor, is the main form of social labor. But Marx's labor theory of value that is abstract labor to create commercial value.

Although with the development of productivity and technological advances, the specific form of productive labor will vary, but as long as there is the commodity economy, the labor embodied in specific forms of human labor-consuming - abstract human labor, is constant. Moreover, Marx never put only limited to manual labor, not without seeing knowledge, intelligence role. For example, Marx's "Das Kapital" and that "human beings are not simply the general performance of manual labor, but rather reflects a variety of intelligence to pay." "We labor or labor ability to understand the living human body that is present in the human body, when people produce some value in use using the sum of physical and mental." Marx also believed that labor productivity is the development of science and evolving. This development has always come from playing a role in social work. From the social division of labor. From mental labor especially natural science. Therefore. Marx's abstract labor creates value of the goods in the knowledge economy era still has vitality.

Again, in the era of knowledge economy, knowledge products, the total value of commodity value formula W = C + V + M products are equally applicable to knowledge.

Value creation is still living human labor, which is the knowledge-based economy can not change the fact. In the knowledge economy era, c is either advanced production tools and facilities. Or is that a high-tech human processed object of labor, but they can not create their own value, they are just the same as other means of production, their value will be transferred to the new product offerings. V is the value or price of labor in the labor embodied in the product. M is the use of labor that labor creates higher than the value of that part of v. Therefore, the composition of the labor value of the product, whether it is the old value of the transfer or the value created by the labor of workers, it is difficult to find the value of knowledge creation, in the final analysis of labor creates value.

Third, in the era of knowledge economy. Labor to develop

In the knowledge economy era, there are many places need to develop labor theory of value, such as labor and the "general workers" connotation and extension should be further expanded. The traditional labor theory of value only to material production labor, especially directly engaged in material production of physical, mental as productive labor. In the knowledge economy, with the further deepening social division of labor, the original material production labor in certain functions have been separated from the direct production process, a business technology and management functions of the department, to become independent of the enterprises of the social services department, related to the production of material wealth and labor into direct production labor and indirect production labor. They constitute a "general worker" as part of their labor constitute the creation of wealth, "the overall social labor." Of course, in the era of knowledge economy, Labor needs to develop the place also need to study a lot, so need to increase the intensity of its research, as ****** comrade "to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party's speech at the General Assembly." pointed out: "Marxist classical writers capitalist society labor and labor value theory reveals the capitalist mode of production was operating characteristics and basic contradictions Now, we develop the socialist market economy, and at that time the founders of Marxism face and the case studies are very different and we should combine the new reality, deepen the socialist labor and labor value theory study and understanding. "