本文是金融專業(yè)的Essay范例,題目是“Factors for High Alumni Giving Rates in Universities(大學高校友捐贈率的因素)”,捐款和捐贈是大學能夠發(fā)展優(yōu)秀教育項目、投資庫存、建設新校園、提供獎學金等的重要途徑之一。為了不斷地從校友那里得到捐贈,大學必須為他們的學生提供良好的體驗。這些因素包括師生比例、畢業(yè)率、新生留校率和學生在教室的百分比。根據(jù)123所商學院的數(shù)據(jù)排名和線性回歸模型,新上任的校友關系主管約瑟夫?蘭德爾(Joseph Randal)將確定哪些因素在獲得高校友捐贈率方面發(fā)揮關鍵作用。
Abstract摘要
Contributions and donations are one of the essential ways that the universities are able to develop great educational programs, invest in inventory, build new campuses, provide scholarships and many more. In order to receive donations from alumni consistently, the universities must provide a great experience for their students. Some of these factors are student-to-faculty ratio, graduation rate, freshman retention rate and percentage of students in classrooms. The new head of alumni relations Joseph Randal will identify which factor plays a key role in acquiring high alumni giving rates, given data rankings of 123 schools and linear regression model.
Introduction介紹
Alumni giving is one of the ways that an institution gets funded, this is essential to the universities and colleges because it helps create and give more opportunities to new students such as grants, scholarships, new campuses, new programs for different departments. Joseph Randal has been assigned to be the head of alumni relations at a university, it is a very difficult position that comes with a lot of issues and tasks. One of the main concerns at his new position is related to the contributions that the alumni make and the contributions each alumnus makes individually. Joseph Randal’s task is to pinpoint the essential factors/policies that cause alumni donations to increase. In order for alumni to have the desire to donate to their university, they must have had a positive experience during their student years. Joseph found out that there are many things to take into consideration, but some of the main reasons for a positive experience at an institution could be: graduation rate, class size, freshman retention rates and student to faculty ratios. In order to find the most accurate reason Joseph Randal turned to a U.S News & World Report that portrays data of 123 universities and colleges ranked
校友捐贈是一個機構獲得資金的方式之一,這對大學和學院來說是至關重要的,因為它有助于為新生創(chuàng)造和提供更多的機會,比如助學金、獎學金、新校區(qū)、不同系的新項目。Joseph Randal被任命為一所大學的校友關系負責人,這是一個非常困難的職位,伴隨著很多問題和任務。在他的新職位上,最主要的關注點之一是校友的貢獻以及每位校友個人的貢獻。約瑟夫?蘭德爾(Joseph Randal)的任務是找出導致校友捐款增加的基本因素/政策。為了讓校友有向他們的大學捐款的愿望,他們必須在學生時代有一個積極的經歷。約瑟夫發(fā)現(xiàn),有很多因素需要考慮,但在學校獲得積極體驗的主要原因可能是:畢業(yè)率、班級規(guī)模、新生留校率和師生比例。為了找到最準確的原因,約瑟夫?蘭德爾參考了《美國新聞與世界報道》(u.s. News & World Report)的一份報告,該報告描繪了123所大學和學院的排名數(shù)據(jù)
Summarize the Data總結數(shù)據(jù)
In order to analyze and summarize the data from 123 universities descriptive statistics must be applied. Some of the key factors of descriptive statistics are: mean, standard deviation, maximum, median and minimum. According to the descriptive statistics above, the mean graduation rate is 0.6452, whereas the graduation rate standard deviation is 0.1698; the student-to-faculty mean is 17.77, and the student-to-faculty standard deviation is 4.52. The percentage of classes containing more than 50 students has a mean of 0.14, and the standard deviation of 0.06, the percentage of classes with less than 20 students has a mean of 0.40 and the standard deviation of 0.13. The alumni giving rate has a mean of 0.142 and the standard deviation of 0.1700; the freshman retention rate has a mean of 0.8411 and the standard deviation of 0.0839. From this data, a correlation can be obtained, the graduation rate is positively related with the alumni giving rate and the freshman retention rate. The alumni giving rate and the freshman retention rate are positively related. The percentage of classes with less than 20 students has a positive correlation with the alumni giving rate, graduation rate and the freshman retention rate. However, the student to faculty ratio has a negative correlation with the freshman retention rate, graduation rate and alumni giving rate. (Mend pg.34)
為了分析和總結123所大學的數(shù)據(jù),必須應用描述性統(tǒng)計。描述性統(tǒng)計的一些關鍵因素是:平均值、標準差、最大值、中值和最小值。根據(jù)以上描述性統(tǒng)計,平均畢業(yè)率為0.6452,畢業(yè)率標準差為0.1698;學生對教師的均值是17.77,學生對教師的標準差是4.52。學生人數(shù)在50人以上的班級百分比,均值為0.14,標準差為0.06,學生人數(shù)在20人以下的班級百分比,均值為0.40,標準差為0.13。校友捐贈率均值為0.142,標準差為0.1700;新生保留率均值為0.8411,標準差為0.0839。由這一數(shù)據(jù)可以得到一個相關關系,畢業(yè)率與校友出資率和新生留校率正相關。校友捐贈率與新生留校率呈正相關。20人以下班級比例與校友出資率、畢業(yè)率、新生留校率呈正相關。而師生比例與新生留任率、畢業(yè)率、校友捐獻率呈負相關。(修補pg.34)
Linear Regression Model線性回歸模型
The graduation rate is one of the main factors that affects the average alumni giving rate. In order to predict the alumni giving rate, the graduation rate has to be taken into the calculation of the linear regression model. For this calculation a linear regression equation is needed ,, the alumni giving rate is = -0.06718 + 0.3239 (Graduation rate). Where, the b1is the estimated slope which is 0.32, it is a positive slope and signifies that as the graduation rate increases by 1, the alumni giving rate will increase by 0.32 percent. Given this information, the R square value is 0.4647, meaning that 46% of the alumni contribution rate is affected by the graduation rate. (Mend pg. 503)
畢業(yè)率是影響平均校友捐贈率的主要因素之一。為了預測校友捐贈率,畢業(yè)率必須納入線性回歸模型的計算。這個計算需要一個線性回歸方程,即,校友捐贈率= -0.06718 + 0.3239(畢業(yè)率)。式中,b1為估計斜率,斜率為0.32,為正斜率,表示畢業(yè)率每增加1,校友捐獻率增加0.32%。在此信息下,R平方值為0.4647,意味著46%的校友貢獻率受到畢業(yè)率的影響。(修補pg。503)
Multiple Linear Regression多元線性回歸
In order to predict the alumni giving rate given, the student-to-faculty ratio, percent of classes with less than 20 students, and the graduation rate, Joseph Randal develops a multiple linear regression model. It can be determined that the alumni giving rate is -0.06 + 0.248 (graduation rate) + 0.144 (% of classes with less than 20 students) - 0.01 (student faculty). There are a couple of things in this equation that should be noted, 0.249 is a positive slope for b1 , and it demonstrated that as the graduation rate increases by 1, the alumni giving rate increases by 0.249 percent; 0.144 is an estimated positive slope for b2 . This slope signifies that as the percentage of classes with less than 20 students increases by 1, the alumni giving rate will increase by 0.144 percent. Slope b3 is negative and has a value of -0.001, it signifies that as the student faculty rate decreases by 1, the alumni giving rate will decrease by 0.001 percent. Given this information, the value of the R square is 0.5235 or 52.35%. This demonstrates that 52.35% of the alumni contribution is affected by the following: graduation rate, student-to faculty ratio, percentage of classes with less than 20 students. (Mend pg.531)
為了預測校友捐贈率、師生比例、少于20名學生的班級百分比和畢業(yè)率,Joseph Randal開發(fā)了一個多元線性回歸模型??梢源_定,校友出資率為-0.06 + 0.248(畢業(yè)率)+ 0.144(20人以下班級的%)- 0.01(學生教員)。在這個方程中有幾件事需要注意,0.249是b1的正斜率,它表明隨著畢業(yè)率增加1,校友捐贈率增加了0.249個百分點;0.144是估計的b2的正斜率。這意味著,如果20人以下班級的比率每增加1人,學生出資率就會增加0.144%。斜率b3為負,其值為-0.001,表示隨著師生率下降1,校友出資率將下降0.001個百分點。根據(jù)這個信息,R平方的值是0.5235或52.35%。這說明52.35%的校友貢獻受到畢業(yè)率、師生比例、學生人數(shù)少于20人的班級比例的影響。(修補pg.531)
Most/Least Impressive Giving Rate
Given the data it can be easily established that most impressive giving rate of a university is the University of Notre Dame, having a 41% alumni giving rate.
Based on this chart, it can be concluded that such a high alumni giving rate is achieved due to their 98 % retention rate of freshman, 96% graduation rate and the student-to faculty rate of 12:1 . It is safe to conclude that the smaller the size of the class, the higher will be the rate of retention, thus higher graduation rates. There are 3 colleges that tied for the least impressive giving rate: San Diego State University, San Jose State University and University of South Alabama, they all have a 2% alumni giving rate. The freshman retention rates of these universities vary from 68% to 83%, graduation rates vary from 37% to 66%, student-to-faculty ratio is 25:1. It is safe to conclude that the higher student-to-faculty ratios, and the lower freshman retention rates are, the lower graduation rates will be. Low graduation rates lead to weaker and smaller contribution rates from the alumni.
根據(jù)這個圖表可以得出這樣高的校友捐獻率是由于他們的新生保留率為98%,畢業(yè)率為96%,學生與教師的比率為12:1。我們可以有把握地得出這樣的結論:班級規(guī)模越小,留校率就越高,因此畢業(yè)率也就越高。圣地亞哥州立大學、圣何塞州立大學和南阿拉巴馬大學這三所大學的校友捐贈率并列最低,均為2%。這些大學的新生留校率從68%到83%不等,畢業(yè)率從37%到66%不等,師生比為25:1。我們可以有把握地得出這樣的結論:學生與教師的比例越高,新生留任率越低,畢業(yè)率就越低。低畢業(yè)率導致校友的貢獻率更弱更小。
Similar School類似的學校
Joseph Randal is given information that his university has a student- to-faculty ratio of 19:1, a graduation rate of 65%, 37% of classes have less than 20 students, freshman retention rate is 80%, and 23% of classes have more than 50 students in their classroom. The closest university with such similar data is Ohio University, it has a student- to-faculty ratio of 19:1, graduation rate of 65%, 43% of classes have less than 20 students, freshman retention rate is 80%, 11% of classes have more than 50 students in their classroom. Once this data has been matched, the giving rate can be obtained, it is 8%, meaning that Randal’s university giving rate should be 8% as well.
約瑟夫·蘭德爾得知他所在的大學的師生比例為19:1,畢業(yè)率為65%,37%的班級學生少于20人,新生留校率為80%,23%的班級學生超過50人。擁有類似數(shù)據(jù)的最接近的大學是俄亥俄大學,它的師生比例為19:1,畢業(yè)率為65%,43%的班級學生少于20人,新生保留率為80%,11%的班級學生超過50人。一旦這個數(shù)據(jù)匹配,可以得到捐贈率,是8%,這意味著Randal的大學捐贈率也應該是8%。
Conclusion結論
In conclusion, this data demonstrates that high graduation rates, high freshman retention rates, low student-to-faculty ratios, high percentages of classes with less than 20 students, have high alumni giving rates. In order to obtain high contribution rates, the graduation rate should be raised above 89%, the freshman retention rates should be raised above 95%, the percentage of classes with less than 20 students should be raised above 45%, the student to faculty-ratios-should be brought down to at least 15:1, and the percentage of classes with more than 50 students should be brought down to less than 20%. All of these factors are very essential and have a great impact on the outcome; therefore, must be considered and approached thoroughly, carefully and precisely..
綜上所述,這一數(shù)據(jù)表明,高畢業(yè)率、高新生留校率、低師生比例、學生人數(shù)少于20人的班級比例高,校友捐贈率就高。為了獲得高貢獻率,應該提高畢業(yè)率高于89%,新生保有率利率應該提高95%以上,類的比例只有不到20個學生應該提高45%以上,學生faculty-ratios-should降到至少15:1,學生人數(shù)在50人以上的班級比例應降低到20%以下。所有這些因素都是非常重要的,對結果有很大的影響;因此,必須徹底、仔細、準確地考慮和處理……
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