項(xiàng)目管理學(xué)essay代寫范文—計(jì)劃性預(yù)防性維護(hù)論文,本文是一篇留學(xué)生管理專業(yè)的Essay寫作格式參考范文,為了了解遺產(chǎn)規(guī)劃的預(yù)防性維修計(jì)劃的實(shí)施情況,人們首先需要了解狀況調(diào)查的實(shí)踐以及與這一概念相關(guān)的含義。審計(jì)委員會(huì)(1988年)在條件調(diào)查方面對(duì)英國(guó)大多數(shù)地方當(dāng)局的做法提出了批評(píng),即通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單地取財(cái)產(chǎn)價(jià)值的名義百分比來(lái)估算維修開支,并敦促使用適當(dāng)?shù)臈l件調(diào)查來(lái)得出更準(zhǔn)確的維修開支估計(jì)。然而,條件調(diào)查的委托不應(yīng)該僅僅是為了預(yù)算目的,因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)诮ㄖl件管理中有更廣泛的應(yīng)用,Bargh(1987)。以下是管理學(xué)essay范例寫作的全部?jī)?nèi)容,是一篇符合國(guó)外大學(xué)Essay寫作格式要求的范文,供參考。
Assessing the implementation of a Planned Preventative Maintenance Programme for Strategic Estate Planning.
In order to understand the implementation of a planned preventative maintenance programme for estate planning, one will first need to understand the practice of condition surveys and the meaning attached to the concept. The Audit Commission (1988), with regard to condition surveys have been critical of most local authority practice in the UK of estimating maintenance expenditure by simply taking a notional percentage of the property value, and urge the use of proper condition surveys to derive more accurate estimates of maintenance expenditure. Condition surveys should, however be commissioned for more than just budgeting purposes, as they have a wider application in the managing of building condition, Bargh (1987).
A major obstacle to carrying out the first comprehensive survey is the expense. On a national scale the UK building stock possesses very poor condition records and this represents a massive impediment to developing good maintenance management practices. Some progress has been made in recent years, particularly with respect to local authority buildings, where the prompting of the Audit Commission has had some effect. Within the private sector in the UK, there is still a startling reluctance amongst property managers to commit funding and commission detailed condition surveys of their buildings, Sahai (1987). Within the public sector as well condition surveys now being carried out are strictly limited in their scope. In many cases they are carried out for very specific purposes, usually related to financial management, rather than as part of a professional approach to managing building condition, Colston (1987).Condition surveys also include, building surveys, manual surveys, optical mark surveys, bar-code reader, hand-held computer, and reports. These are all used to carry out condition surveys. With this in mind one can now talk about the use of this concept in a planned preventative maintenance programme for strategic estate planning.
進(jìn)行第一次全面調(diào)查的一個(gè)主要障礙是費(fèi)用。從全國(guó)范圍來(lái)看,英國(guó)建筑存量非常差,這對(duì)發(fā)展良好的維護(hù)管理實(shí)踐是一個(gè)巨大的障礙。近年來(lái)取得了一些進(jìn)展,特別是在地方當(dāng)局的建筑方面,審計(jì)委員會(huì)的敦促在這方面產(chǎn)生了一些影響。Sahai(1987)指出,在英國(guó)的私營(yíng)部門中,物業(yè)經(jīng)理仍然不愿意提供資金,并委托對(duì)其建筑進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的狀況調(diào)查。在公共部門,目前正在進(jìn)行的井況調(diào)查的范圍也受到嚴(yán)格的限制。在許多情況下,它們是為了非常具體的目的而進(jìn)行的,通常與財(cái)務(wù)管理有關(guān),而不是作為管理建筑條件的專業(yè)方法的一部分,Colston(1987)。條件調(diào)查還包括建筑調(diào)查、人工調(diào)查、光學(xué)標(biāo)記調(diào)查、條形碼閱讀器、手持計(jì)算機(jī)和報(bào)告。這些都是用來(lái)進(jìn)行狀態(tài)測(cè)量的。考慮到這一點(diǎn),我們現(xiàn)在可以討論在戰(zhàn)略性遺產(chǎn)規(guī)劃的有計(jì)劃的預(yù)防性維護(hù)方案中使用這一概念。
The process of planning for maintenance work has much in common with the planning of any construction activity. Therefore the basic principles of planning should be firmly understood before considering maintenance planning specifically. As the nature of the product or activity becomes more complex a point is reached where it becomes necessary to commit some, or all, of this plan to paper and a formal programme is produced, Sahai(1987). At a simple level this may only involve writing dates into a diary whilst, at a more advanced level, the use of a powerful computer based management technique may be necessary. Planning as an intellectual process permeates all activities in one form or another, always with some objective in mind, whether or not this is overtly stated.
The clear identification of objectives is an essential prerequisite of the whole process, but particularly prior to the committal of a plan to the formal programming process. In the construction industry, planning has all too often been afforded insufficient credence. In many cases this is because not enough attention is given to the purposes for which a plan is required, leading to a failure to produce programmes that are consistent with the planning objectives, Tavistock Institute (1966). This tends either to bring the planning process into disrepute, or to the setting up of an intensely bureaucratic management regime.
明確確定目標(biāo)是整個(gè)過(guò)程的必要先決條件,但在計(jì)劃投入正式方案擬訂過(guò)程之前尤其如此。在建筑業(yè),規(guī)劃往往沒有得到足夠的信任。在許多情況下,這是因?yàn)閷?duì)需要制定計(jì)劃的目的沒有給予足夠的注意,導(dǎo)致無(wú)法編制符合規(guī)劃目標(biāo)的方案。塔維斯托克研究所(1966)這往往會(huì)使規(guī)劃過(guò)程聲名狼藉,或?qū)е陆⒁环N非常官僚的管理制度。
Now, there are a number of aspects of maintenance that require planning, which may not necessarily be part of a formal planned maintenance programme. For example, it may have been decided to institute a programme of planned inspections to verify that statutory requirements are being fulfilled, or considered prudent to operate a planned replacement policy, as part of a preventive maintenance programme, Chanter and Swallow (2005). This may operate separately from an on-going planned maintenance programme. Within any maintenance organisation there will be planned and unplanned work. The balance between the two will vary, depending on the nature of the organisation and its attitude to building maintenance.
A low level of planned maintenance in an organisation does not necessarily reflect a poor attitude, as it may be appropriate for the given situation. It is quite possible to envisage a scenario where the introduction of a sophisticated planned system is not justifiable. For example, the owner of an estate consisting of one relatively simple building may choose to carry out all maintenance on demand, and plan only relatively obvious items, such as a redecoration every four years. The latter mentioned may be carried out on an ad-hoc basis.
在一個(gè)組織中,低水平的計(jì)劃性維護(hù)并不一定反映糟糕的態(tài)度,因?yàn)樗赡苓m合于給定的情況。很可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣一種情況,即引進(jìn)一個(gè)復(fù)雜的計(jì)劃系統(tǒng)是不合理的。例如,一個(gè)擁有相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單建筑的地產(chǎn)的業(yè)主可能會(huì)選擇按需進(jìn)行所有的維護(hù),只規(guī)劃相對(duì)明顯的項(xiàng)目,例如每四年重新裝修一次。上述后者可在臨時(shí)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。
This closely mirrors the approach of the owner/occupier of a dwelling house, and is an inevitable consequence of work which is characterised by a large number of relatively small, low level operations and a small number of larger ones, Gibson (1979). The latter are more likely to be foreseeable ones, and hence planned for. They are likely to fall into two categories, namely,
. A regular on-going requirement to perform certain operations, such as decoration. These tasks will tend to be cyclical in nature and, in theory at least, quite conveniently form part of a rolling programme.
. Major renewal or repair projects which, from time-to-time become necessary. For example, there may be a programme instituted by a housing association to replace all flat roof coverings over a fixed time period.
Some of these larger exercises fall into the category of what may be termed preventive maintenance, and need to have been subjected to a rigorous decision making process, Lees and Wordsworth (2001). For example, a decision to replace flat roof coverings ahead of failure is a preventive measure. In reaching this decision, account would have been taken of the disruption and possible consequential damage of not replacing until failure had occurred. In addition to this the aims of planned maintenance programmes with regard to estate planning are extremely diverse and, hence, many types of programmes will be encountered.
這些大的練習(xí)中有一些屬于所謂的預(yù)防性維護(hù),需要經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的決策過(guò)程,李斯和華茲華斯(2001)。例如,決定在破壞前更換平屋頂覆蓋物是一種預(yù)防措施。在作出這一決定時(shí),應(yīng)考慮到在故障發(fā)生之前不更換所造成的中斷和可能的后續(xù)損害。除此之外,與遺產(chǎn)規(guī)劃有關(guān)的有計(jì)劃的維修方案的目標(biāo)是極其多樣化的,因此將遇到許多類型的方案。
The applications of the basic principles of planning are of paramount importance to estate planning, Chanter and Swallow (2005). In particular, it is essential to define the objectives of maintenance plans very accurately at the outset, to ensure their relevance, and to enable them to be realistically formulated. These objectives may include all or a combination of the following:
. To help ensure that major defects are rectified and that the building fabric is maintained to a defined acceptable, safe and legally correct, standard.
. To sustain the building condition at an acceptable level and prevent undue deterioration of the building fabric and services by preventive means.
. To preserve the utility of the estate as an asset, and maintain its value
. To maintain the engineering and utility services in an optimum condition to safeguard the environmental conditions of the building, and hence its productive capacity.
. By effective planning, to ensure that maintenance is conducted, over a number of years, in a sensible sequence which reflects a careful consideration of priorities.
. By proper planning, to ensure that maintenance operations are carried out in the most effective way to ensure that best value for money is being obtained and the best use is being made of scare resources.
. To provide a tool for financial management, in particular budgetary control, and to assist maintenance managers in bidding for financial resources.
. As part of a broader facilities management scenario, to assist management to relate programmed repairs and maintenance to other demands and alternatives, such as refurbishment, redevelopment or changes in leasing policy.
The characteristics of maintenance work make accurate and comprehensive long-term predictions rather difficult. It is therefore necessary to define carefully what is realistically possible, and have an explicit recognition of levels of uncertainty. Because of this all programmes will need to have built into them some flexibility to permit modification if necessary and up-dating in order to ensure their continuing relevance.
CONCLUSION結(jié)論
It will be worthwhile to conclude that although the relevance of condition surveys to the implementation of planned preventative maintenance programmes for strategic estate planning enables an efficient allocation of scare resources such as funds and management expertise through periodic inspections of a property portfolio; its practice in scope within the UK is rather limited. Hence, authorities such as the audit commission should promote and ensure that condition surveys are carried out at the beginning of an estate management plan in which an adherence should be complied to, so that resources with regard to property portfolio are used efficiently, rather than wasted.
值得得出的結(jié)論是,雖然狀況調(diào)查與實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略性遺產(chǎn)規(guī)劃的預(yù)防性維修方案有關(guān),但通過(guò)定期檢查財(cái)產(chǎn)組合,可以有效分配資金和管理專業(yè)知識(shí)等稀缺資源;它在英國(guó)的實(shí)踐范圍相當(dāng)有限。因此,審計(jì)委員會(huì)等當(dāng)局應(yīng)促進(jìn)和確保在物業(yè)管理計(jì)劃開始時(shí)進(jìn)行狀況調(diào)查,并應(yīng)遵守這一計(jì)劃,以便有效利用與物業(yè)組合有關(guān)的資源,而不是浪費(fèi)。
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