英國(guó)愛丁堡大學(xué) (The University of Edinburgh)：學(xué)生dissertation指導(dǎo)項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃和管理及最終dissertation要求

8. Planning and Managing Your Project
項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃和管理

Your research project/dissertation is like any task or project you might undertake at work – it must be planned and managed. Good planning and management cannot guarantee  a  good  project,  but  poor  planning  and  management  will  make  a  good project very hard to achieve.
你的研究項(xiàng)目/博士dissertation - 它必須像任何你可能會(huì)在工作中承擔(dān)的任務(wù)或項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃和管理。良好的規(guī)劃和管理不能保證一個(gè)好項(xiàng)目，但規(guī)劃和管理不善會(huì)使一個(gè)好項(xiàng)目很難實(shí)現(xiàn)。
 
The  key  stages  of  planning  and  managing  a  research project/dissertation  are  as
follows:
規(guī)劃和管理的一個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目/博士dissertation的關(guān)鍵階段如下：

1. Defining your aims. From the very beginning you need to have a clear idea of what you are trying to achieve.  If you neglect this phase, you may find some truth in the saying ’if you don't know where you're going, you'll end up somewhere else’ (!).  At the end of this stage, you should have a clear statement of your terms of reference.
  規(guī)定目標(biāo)。
 
2. Working out what needs to be done. Once you know what you are trying to achieve, you can work out what is involved in getting there. This will include what reading needs to be done, what contacts need to be made, what data must  be  collected,  what  analyses  must  be  carried  out  and  what  writing  up will be needed.
  做出需要做的事。

3. Planning. Once you know what needs to be done, you can draw up a plan for the completion of the project.  Start with an audit of your skills, knowledge, contacts and interests.  Your plan should include a detailed timetable for the project and a breakdown of tasks and dependencies within the detailed timetable.
  計(jì)劃。
 
4. Carrying out the project.  Once you have devised your plan, you should be ready to go ahead with your research. When undertaking your project, you should review your progress regularly against the plan. Remember that you will  need  plenty  of  time  for  reading  around  the  topic  and  writing  up  the dissertation.  Also,  note  that  you  will  have  to  make  adjustments  to accommodate  unforeseen  events  (e.g.  illness,  computer  problems,  etc.).  If you start drifting hopelessly off-course, some tougher action may need to be taken.
   開展項(xiàng)目。
 
Beware of some of the traps into which others before you have fallen:
謹(jǐn)防一些在你墮落之前已經(jīng)有人墮落的陷阱：#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

1. Rushing  into  action  without  thinking  what  your  project  is  really  about  and, therefore, ending up with bits and pieces of research all focused on different matters.
不以為你的項(xiàng)目真的是急于付諸行動(dòng)，因此，最終只有零碎的研究都關(guān)注于不同的問題。
2. Failing  to  be  clear  with  regard  to  the  aims  of  the  dissertation  and  thus ultimately undertaking, say, three different projects.
對(duì)于dissertation的目標(biāo)不明確，從而最終承擔(dān)，也就是說，三個(gè)不同的項(xiàng)目。
3. Underestimating the time needed for writing up; the dissertation is the longest  and  most  demanding  individual  piece  of  work  during  the  Master’s degree,  and  you  should  make  sure  you  allocate  sufficient  time  for  the writing-up period.
低估所需的時(shí)間寫dissertation是最長(zhǎng)和最苛刻的個(gè)人一塊碩士學(xué)位期間的工作，你應(yīng)該確保你分配足夠的時(shí)間寫作期間。
4.  Failing  to  build  in  any  contingency  for  events  such  as  unexpected  travel,
illness,  delays  in  computing  or  printing,  or  unavailability  of  key  informants, including supervisors.
意想不到的旅游活動(dòng)，如不建立在任何應(yīng)急，生病，延遲計(jì)算或打印，或不可用的關(guān)鍵線人，包括監(jiān)事。
5.  Forgetting that many supervisors will be away, possibly on holiday, over the summer.
忘記許多監(jiān)事將要離開，可能是在假期，在夏季。

9. The Final Dissertation
  最終dissertation

Length
長(zhǎng)度

12,000–15,000 words excluding footnotes, appendices and graphs, but including the project statement or executive summary and bibliography.  Projects which  are either  longer  or  shorter  than  the  stipulated  number  of  words  may  be  subject  to penalty.
12,000-15,000字，不包括腳注，附錄和圖表，但包括項(xiàng)目陳述或執(zhí)行摘要和書目。長(zhǎng)于或短于規(guī)定數(shù)目字的項(xiàng)目可能被處以罰款。
 
Number of copies
復(fù)印的份數(shù)

One bound hardcopy of the Dissertation must be handed in to the reception in the School  of  Management,  where  you  will  be  provided  with  a  Student  feedback assessment  form.  This  form  is  to  be  completed  and  attached  securely  to  the Dissertation.
結(jié)合印刷的dissertation必須交給的接收管理，在學(xué)校，在那里你將提供學(xué)生反饋評(píng)估表。此表格必須填妥，并牢固地附著在dissertation。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
Please note that you also have to submit an electronic copy to the JISC-TurnitinUk software; http://ukthesis.org/Thesis_Tipssee the Appendix for more details. Additional help can also be sought at the School of Management Reception and/or the Postgraduate Office (Programme Support Office, MB07).  A declaration should be included specifying that the dissertation has been prepared on the basis of the candidate’s own work and that where other source materials have been used these have been acknowledged. A statement  should  be  included  confirming  the  number of  words  in  the  text  and footnotes. You should obtain a receipt confirming submission, and should write this number on the Student feedback assessment form when submitting your hardcopy.

 
Form
形式

The report must be typed.  Typing  should  be  on  one  side  of  the  page  double-spaced  and  on  A4  paper.  The margin on the left should be sufficient to accommodate the binding (e.g. at least 4 cm for left margin, 2 cm for right margin).
All pages are to be numbered.
該報(bào)告必須輸入。打字應(yīng)該是頁雙倍行距的一側(cè)上，并在A4紙張上。在左側(cè)的利潤(rùn)率應(yīng)該是足以容納綁定（如至少4厘米的左邊界，右邊距2厘米）。
所有的網(wǎng)頁都被編號(hào)。

Title page
標(biāo)題頁

This must follow the standard layout. This includes the following information:
這必須遵循的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)布局。這包括以下信息：

a) the candidate's full name;
候選人的全名;
b) the title of the dissertation;
本dissertation稱號(hào);
c) a  statement  that  the  dissertation  is  submitted  as  part  of  the requirement for the award of the Master’s degree (MA/MSc/MBA);
一份提交dissertation作為授予碩士學(xué)位（MA/碩士/ MBA）的要求;
d) the month and year of submission; and
提交年月，及
e)  the name of the supervisor.
導(dǎo)師姓名
 
An Executive Summary must be included at the front. This should indicate the main points and conclusions in not more than 200 words.
執(zhí)行摘要必須包括在前面。這應(yīng)該表明在不超過200字的要點(diǎn)和結(jié)論。
 
Contents page
目錄頁

A  well  laid  out  and  reasonably  detailed  contents  page  is  needed.  This not only helps the reader navigate through your document but also acts as a summary and guide, thus reducing your need to incorporate these aspects in the main text.
良好的布局和合理的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容頁面是必要的。這不僅有助于讀者瀏覽您的文檔，但也作為一個(gè)總結(jié)和引導(dǎo)，從而減少你需要把這些方面在正文中。

The main report#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
主報(bào)告

The  precise  structure  of  your  final  report  will  vary  according  to  the  subject  matter and  the  way  you  have  approached  the  topic.  Nevertheless, some basics issues remain the same for every project. These are as follows:
精確的最終報(bào)告的結(jié)構(gòu)將根據(jù)不同的題材和方式，你曾向主題。盡管如此，一些基本的問題仍然是相同的每一個(gè)項(xiàng)目。這些如下：
1. The Problem/Opportunity to Be Addressed
需解決的問題/機(jī)會(huì)
Your  reader  needs  to  know  what  the  problem  or  opportunity  is  that  you  have investigated. Why did you choose it? Why is it important? What were the terms of reference you set for yourself?
 
2. The Theoretical Framework
理論框架
In  this  section,  you  need  to  discuss  the  aspects  of  theory  that  have  determined your approach to the project. Usually this part of the dissertation draws heavily on the existing literature.
 
3. The Research
調(diào)查研究
Most  of  your  dissertation  will  be  concerned  with  the  actual  research  you  have conducted. This part should divide into three sections:
a)  the methodology adopted;
b)  the evidence and information collected; and
c)  your analysis of the evidence and interpretation of its meaning.
 
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
結(jié)論和建議
Finally, you must bring together the conclusions you have drawn from the research and  make  a  number  of  practical  recommendations  for action  in  light  of  those conclusions.  Items  1,  2  and  4  will  probably  be  contained  in  single  chapters, whereas item 3 will probably require several chapters.
 
5. Practical Implementation (where appropriate)
實(shí)際執(zhí)行期（在適當(dāng)情況下）
Assuming acceptance of your proposal (recommendations), what are the costs and practical implications of making it all happen?

 
Bibliography and appendices
參考書目和附錄

At  the  end  of  your  report  you  should  put  an alphabetical list  of  references  (this  is covered in the next section). Appendices containing technical information, such as questionnaires or statistics, should also be placed at the end.
在報(bào)告的末尾，你應(yīng)該把一個(gè)按字母順序排列的參考清單（這部分內(nèi)容在下一節(jié)）。附錄包含的技術(shù)信息，如問卷調(diào)查或統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，也應(yīng)放在最后。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

Style
風(fēng)格

Try to adopt a lucid style; aim at clarity. Excessive numbering of paragraphs is best avoided as it makes reading less smooth.  Avoid using either an unnecessarily scholarly style or the opposite – a style that is too anecdotal and colloquial.
嘗試采用明晰的風(fēng)格，清晰的目的。過度編號(hào)段最好避免，因?yàn)樗归喿x不那么順暢。避免使用不必要的學(xué)術(shù)風(fēng)格，或者相反 - 的風(fēng)格，太軼事和口語。

Most reports read better if written in the third person. Unless you are dealing with a clearly historical subject, use the present sense for immediacy and liveliness.
如果以第三人稱書寫，大多數(shù)報(bào)告閱讀更好。除非你正在處理一個(gè)明確的歷史科目，使用目前的緊迫性和活力感。

Avoid lengthy introductions and background sections; write only about the essential points which the well-informed reader needs to know. Remember, though, that the reader may need an introduction – but an introduction only – to matters such as the industry,  subject  area  or  company  within  which  the  study  is  being  undertaken. Finally, it is important to remember that the assessment of the report will be done by academics. 
避免冗長(zhǎng)的介紹和背景部分，只寫消息靈通的讀者需要知道的要點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)記住，雖然讀者可能只需要介紹 - 介紹 - 作為業(yè)內(nèi)人士，學(xué)科領(lǐng)域或公司內(nèi)正進(jìn)行研究等事宜。最后，重要的是要記住，專業(yè)學(xué)者將完成評(píng)估報(bào)告。