科技dissertation寫(xiě)作中的定義與敘述-the definition and describing in technological thesis writing
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05-13, 2014
一、定義(Definition)
(一)Introduction
介紹
When making a hypothesis(假說(shuō))or other statement, scientists must make sure that they will be understood by other researchers. Misunderstandings occur when there are different concepts of what is being discussed.
A definition answers the question, “What is it?” Sometimes a definition is necessary because a word or concept has more than one meaning. For example, whether carbon is a metal or nonmetal depends on how you define carbon. At other times, a definition is required because a term is being used in a special way. For example, physicists use the terms work and energy in ways that are more specific than their common meanings. A definition should be complete enough to include all the items in the category yet narrow enough to eliminate items that do not belong. The Greek philosopher Plato once defined man as a two-legged creature that has no feathers. The problem with Plato's definition was that it did not distinguish a man from other two-legged creatures without feathers. Communication between researchers is dependent on precise definitions of substances, concepts,
processes, and ideas.
(二)Sentence patterns
句 型
Sentence pattern 1:
An astronomer is a scientist who studies the universe.
A barometer is an instrument that measures air pressure.
Conduction is a process by which heat is transferred.
A laboratory is a place where experiments are performed.
Physics is the study of matter and energy.
A volt is a unit for measuring electrical pressure.
Sentence pattern 2:
Mercury is a liquid metal.
Asbestos is a fire-resistant mineral.
A dinosaur is a prehistoric reptile.
A monkey is a small, long -tailed primate.
(三)Application Examples
應(yīng)用實(shí)例
be 是
mean 意思是,意味著,意指
denote 表示,指
imply 意思是,意味著
be named 命名為,被稱為
Examples:
1. Printers are output devices.
打印機(jī)是輸出設(shè)備。
2. Multiprogramming means the existence of many programs in different parts of main memory at the same time.
多道程序意味著在主存儲(chǔ)器的不同部分同時(shí)存在著多個(gè)程序。
3. Data denotes a collection of facts that can serve as operands to computer program.
數(shù)據(jù)是指可作為計(jì)算機(jī)程序操作對(duì)象的集合。
4. A “system” implies a good mixture of integrated parts working together to form useful whole.
“系統(tǒng)”意指將協(xié)同工作各部分適當(dāng)?shù)鼐C合而成的一個(gè)有效的整體。
5. The first digital computer built in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania was named ENIAC.
第一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)是1946年在賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)建造的,命名為ENIAC。
二、敘述(Describing)
(一)Introduction
A description serves to introduce a scientist's view of the world. It may describe conditions, results of an experiment, chemical changes, physical movements, or what is seen through a telescope or microscope. A description may also tell the characteristics or distinctive features of an object―how it look, sounds, tastes, smells, works, or is produced.
The nature of something can be explained by describing it. For example, the concept of an atom is difficult to grasp from a definition alone, but a description of its appearance, detailing its structure and function, makes it easier to visualize.
(二)Sentence patterns
The Nile River is 4,145 miles long.
Mount Everest is 8,848 meters high.
The Dead Sea is 11 miles wide.
The Nile River has a length 4,145 miles.
The Sun has a surface temperature of 11,000°F.
The Grand Canyon has a depth of 5,500 feet.
The color of iodine is purplish black.
The texture of sand is rough and granular.
The orbits of planets are elliptical.
Pluto is relatively small.
Blue stars are extremely hot.
Copper salts are slightly blue in aqueous solutions.
(三)Application Examples
be是
be considered (to be) 被認(rèn)為是,被看作
be known as 被稱為是,被認(rèn)為是,即
be referred to as 稱為,叫做
be thought of as 被認(rèn)為是
be regarded as 被認(rèn)為是
Examples:
1. This ability to allow interrupts to interrupt previous interrupts service routines safely are referred to as nested interrupts.
允許某些中斷去中斷先前的中斷服務(wù)程序,并能正確運(yùn)行的能力稱為嵌套中斷。
2. One of the most important characteristics of a computer is its capability of storing information in its memory long enough to process it.
計(jì)算機(jī)最重要的特性之一就是具有這樣一種能力,即在它的存儲(chǔ)器中保存信息時(shí)間長(zhǎng)到足以對(duì)這些信息進(jìn)行處理。
3. In the majority of applications the computer's capability to store and access large amounts of information plays the dominant part and is considered to be its primary characteristic.
在大部分的應(yīng)用中,計(jì)算機(jī)能夠存儲(chǔ)和訪問(wèn)大量的信息這一特性,起了關(guān)鍵的作用,并被看成是計(jì)算機(jī)的主要特點(diǎn)。
除了定義 (Definition) 與敘述(Describing)的寫(xiě)作方法以外,科技英語(yǔ)dissertation常用的寫(xiě)作方法還有:比較(Comparing)、因果(Cause and Effect)、假設(shè)(Hypothesizing)、證明(Giving Evidence)、實(shí)驗(yàn)(Experiment)、計(jì)算(Calculating)、報(bào)告(Reporting)、預(yù)測(cè)(Predicting)等。
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