麻省理工學(xué)院社會學(xué)dissertation范文(Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT))：機場建設(shè)給當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣淼囊幌盗杏绊?/h1>
07-03, 2013
Local social impact
當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣绊?/p>
Apart from the significant economic benefits an airport can bring to the UK, its social impact is another important topic which needs to be investigated. These impacts can be briefly summarized as the follows:
除了從機場可以帶來顯著的經(jīng)濟效益，在英國，其對社會的影響是另一個需要研究的重要課題。這些影響可簡要概括如下：
• Impact during the construction and operation phase of the airport. For example, road closure, relocation issues.
• Effects on heritage, land take, landscape.
• Social cost to nearby communities
Land Acquisition & Urbanization
土地征用和城市化
Building a new airport will require a certain amount of land which may lead to the problems such as loss of natural habitat, loss of land which could be used for local communities and agriculture. A study has to be undertaken to see what type of land is present on the site, whether it is possible to use and how much it will cost to buy. Table 16 below summarized the different types of land loss which would be caused by the airport project.
建設(shè)一個新機場將需要一定數(shù)量的土地，這可能會導(dǎo)致自然棲息地的喪失，失去土地，可以用來為當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)和農(nóng)業(yè)等問題。
As shown in Table 16, about one third of the land required by the project is empty, 0.2 km2 is required of a caravan site and only a small part of existing housing area needs to be deconstructed. The caravan areas can relocate to other area in Isle of Sheppey. This means the project will cause very minimal destruction to the local community in terms of relocating residents however it will use up empty land which could have been developed for the local community.
這意味著該項目將造成很小的破壞當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的搬遷居民，但它會使用空可能已經(jīng)發(fā)展為當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的土地。
One main however negative impact is that the proposed airport will cause loss of 2.2 km2 of agriculture land. In mitigation, the agriculture land on Isle of Sheppey is low quality agricultural land, and this will reduce the negative impact and the cost for purchase. According to Agricultural Land Market Survey, the average value for all types of farmland is about £4200 per acre. (44) The cost for 2.2 km2 loss of agriculture land is about £2.2 million.
The cost of compensation will usually include the value of the property, the costs of acquiring and moving to a new property, and sometimes additional payments. Approximately 100 houses will be needs to be demolished as part of the project. According to Research and Intelligence by Kent County Council, the average house price in Swale during the year 2009 was £171,897. (45) Therefore about £17 million is required to purchase these properties plus about £3 million for compensation (estimate 10%-20% of the property price). The total cost will around £20 million.#p#分頁標題#e#
The heritage of the area can also be affected by the airport-related development due to the factors such as increased air pollution, vibration. However, our proposed site is expected to include few important heritage assets due to the small area of land required. Despite this, on-site archaeological surveys should be carried out during the design phase to ensure the project causes minimal destruction to local heritage.
遺產(chǎn)的區(qū)域，也可以通過與機場有關(guān)的發(fā)展，由于空氣污染加劇，振動等因素的影響。然而，我們建議網(wǎng)站預(yù)計將包括一些重要的文物資產(chǎn)，由于所需的土地面積小。
Landscape and visual impacts
景觀及視覺影響
The construction of the proposed airport and its related development will affect the local landscape to a certain extent, for instance, replacing natural landscape with buildings. There is 0.4 km2 of UK protected area on coast that is to be removed, but this is a considerably small area.
擬建機場的建設(shè)及其相關(guān)的發(fā)展將在一定程度上影響當(dāng)?shù)氐娘L(fēng)景，比如，更換建筑物的自然景觀。為0.4平方公里的英國保護區(qū)的海岸，要被去除，但是這是一個相當(dāng)小的區(qū)域。
Development of the airport may change the views that local residents have from their houses or offices. All developments will have ‘visual intrusion’ impact. The more people are close to the development, the larger the visual impact will be. http://ukthesis.org/dissertation_sample/
機場的發(fā)展可能會改變當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦囊庖?，從他們的房子或辦公室。所有的發(fā)展將有“視覺干擾的影響。越來越多的人的發(fā)展是密切的，較大的視覺沖擊力。
Planting trees, making long low hills on spare land around the airport during both the construction and operation phase of the airport can soften the feature of the new development.
Other mitigations methods will include well designed of buildings (including as much as ‘green’ as possible), planting of vegetation screens between the viewer and the site, matching the colours with local environment. Inclusion of landscape engineering and ground-modelling can reduce the overall visual impact.
其他緩解方法將包括精心設(shè)計的建筑物（包括盡可能盡可能的'綠色'），種植植被屏幕瀏覽器和網(wǎng)站之間，與當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境相匹配的顏色。包括景觀工程和地面建模可以降低整體的視覺沖擊力。
Risk to third party
風(fēng)險第三方
The airport can also pose risks to the local population at our site. The risks include: road accidents, airplane crashes, terrorism, health problems of people in air. The most significant factor here is ‘road accidents related to airport operation’.
機場也可以給當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駧淼娘L(fēng)險。這些風(fēng)險包括：道路交通事故，飛機墜毀了，恐怖主義，在空氣中的人的健康問題。這里最重要的因素是“機場運營”相關(guān)的道路交通事故。#p#分頁標題#e#
Careful improvements will be made to the road network immediately surrounding site to reduce the risks, whilst the transport upgrades required as part of the project will reduce transport stress on minor roads. Heavy investment in onsite policing and security at the new airport are also important factors in reducing the risks detailed above.
Community impacts
社區(qū)的影響
Negative impacts from the new airport development such as noise pollution, destructions of natural landscape may affect the local house values. This may result more properties to be neglected and empty and will potentially cause increasing uncertainty about the local community development, for instance, more people moving away and more houses being vacant or rented. Level of community cohesion will decrease.
新機場發(fā)展，如噪聲污染，破壞自然景觀的負面影響可能會影響當(dāng)?shù)氐姆课輧r值。
To tackle this problem, following mitigation methods are recommended as part of our scheme: (47)
為了解決這個問題，我們計劃的一部分被推薦為緩解方法
• Local planning department need to put more effort in dealing with airport-development scheme.
• Airport operators purchases those houses with falling values due to the airport development and then rent them out to multiple occupation people to help community development.
• Compensation for local community – funds to individuals, improve community facilities.
為當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的補償 - 個人的資金，改善社區(qū)設(shè)施。
Local social impact
當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣绊?/p>
Apart from the significant economic benefits an airport can bring to the UK, its social impact is another important topic which needs to be investigated. These impacts can be briefly summarized as the follows:
除了從機場可以帶來顯著的經(jīng)濟效益，在英國，其對社會的影響是另一個需要研究的重要課題。這些影響可簡要概括如下：
• Impact during the construction and operation phase of the airport. For example, road closure, relocation issues.
• Effects on heritage, land take, landscape.
• Social cost to nearby communities
Land Acquisition & Urbanization
土地征用和城市化
Building a new airport will require a certain amount of land which may lead to the problems such as loss of natural habitat, loss of land which could be used for local communities and agriculture. A study has to be undertaken to see what type of land is present on the site, whether it is possible to use and how much it will cost to buy. Table 16 below summarized the different types of land loss which would be caused by the airport project.
建設(shè)一個新機場將需要一定數(shù)量的土地，這可能會導(dǎo)致自然棲息地的喪失，失去土地，可以用來為當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)和農(nóng)業(yè)等問題。
As shown in Table 16, about one third of the land required by the project is empty, 0.2 km2 is required of a caravan site and only a small part of existing housing area needs to be deconstructed. The caravan areas can relocate to other area in Isle of Sheppey. This means the project will cause very minimal destruction to the local community in terms of relocating residents however it will use up empty land which could have been developed for the local community.
這意味著該項目將造成很小的破壞當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的搬遷居民，但它會使用空可能已經(jīng)發(fā)展為當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的土地。
One main however negative impact is that the proposed airport will cause loss of 2.2 km2 of agriculture land. In mitigation, the agriculture land on Isle of Sheppey is low quality agricultural land, and this will reduce the negative impact and the cost for purchase. According to Agricultural Land Market Survey, the average value for all types of farmland is about £4200 per acre. (44) The cost for 2.2 km2 loss of agriculture land is about £2.2 million.
The cost of compensation will usually include the value of the property, the costs of acquiring and moving to a new property, and sometimes additional payments. Approximately 100 houses will be needs to be demolished as part of the project. According to Research and Intelligence by Kent County Council, the average house price in Swale during the year 2009 was £171,897. (45) Therefore about £17 million is required to purchase these properties plus about £3 million for compensation (estimate 10%-20% of the property price). The total cost will around £20 million.#p#分頁標題#e#
The heritage of the area can also be affected by the airport-related development due to the factors such as increased air pollution, vibration. However, our proposed site is expected to include few important heritage assets due to the small area of land required. Despite this, on-site archaeological surveys should be carried out during the design phase to ensure the project causes minimal destruction to local heritage.
遺產(chǎn)的區(qū)域，也可以通過與機場有關(guān)的發(fā)展，由于空氣污染加劇，振動等因素的影響。然而，我們建議網(wǎng)站預(yù)計將包括一些重要的文物資產(chǎn)，由于所需的土地面積小。
Landscape and visual impacts
景觀及視覺影響
The construction of the proposed airport and its related development will affect the local landscape to a certain extent, for instance, replacing natural landscape with buildings. There is 0.4 km2 of UK protected area on coast that is to be removed, but this is a considerably small area.
擬建機場的建設(shè)及其相關(guān)的發(fā)展將在一定程度上影響當(dāng)?shù)氐娘L(fēng)景，比如，更換建筑物的自然景觀。為0.4平方公里的英國保護區(qū)的海岸，要被去除，但是這是一個相當(dāng)小的區(qū)域。
Development of the airport may change the views that local residents have from their houses or offices. All developments will have ‘visual intrusion’ impact. The more people are close to the development, the larger the visual impact will be. http://ukthesis.org/dissertation_sample/
機場的發(fā)展可能會改變當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦囊庖?，從他們的房子或辦公室。所有的發(fā)展將有“視覺干擾的影響。越來越多的人的發(fā)展是密切的，較大的視覺沖擊力。
Planting trees, making long low hills on spare land around the airport during both the construction and operation phase of the airport can soften the feature of the new development.
Other mitigations methods will include well designed of buildings (including as much as ‘green’ as possible), planting of vegetation screens between the viewer and the site, matching the colours with local environment. Inclusion of landscape engineering and ground-modelling can reduce the overall visual impact.
其他緩解方法將包括精心設(shè)計的建筑物（包括盡可能盡可能的'綠色'），種植植被屏幕瀏覽器和網(wǎng)站之間，與當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境相匹配的顏色。包括景觀工程和地面建模可以降低整體的視覺沖擊力。
Risk to third party
風(fēng)險第三方
The airport can also pose risks to the local population at our site. The risks include: road accidents, airplane crashes, terrorism, health problems of people in air. The most significant factor here is ‘road accidents related to airport operation’.
機場也可以給當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駧淼娘L(fēng)險。這些風(fēng)險包括：道路交通事故，飛機墜毀了，恐怖主義，在空氣中的人的健康問題。這里最重要的因素是“機場運營”相關(guān)的道路交通事故。#p#分頁標題#e#
Careful improvements will be made to the road network immediately surrounding site to reduce the risks, whilst the transport upgrades required as part of the project will reduce transport stress on minor roads. Heavy investment in onsite policing and security at the new airport are also important factors in reducing the risks detailed above.
Community impacts
社區(qū)的影響
Negative impacts from the new airport development such as noise pollution, destructions of natural landscape may affect the local house values. This may result more properties to be neglected and empty and will potentially cause increasing uncertainty about the local community development, for instance, more people moving away and more houses being vacant or rented. Level of community cohesion will decrease.
新機場發(fā)展，如噪聲污染，破壞自然景觀的負面影響可能會影響當(dāng)?shù)氐姆课輧r值。
To tackle this problem, following mitigation methods are recommended as part of our scheme: (47)
為了解決這個問題，我們計劃的一部分被推薦為緩解方法
• Local planning department need to put more effort in dealing with airport-development scheme.
• Airport operators purchases those houses with falling values due to the airport development and then rent them out to multiple occupation people to help community development.
• Compensation for local community – funds to individuals, improve community facilities.
為當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的補償 - 個人的資金，改善社區(qū)設(shè)施。
