MLA科研dissertation研究與寫作規(guī)范
在你的留學(xué)生涯中,根據(jù)國外大學(xué)的教學(xué)與要求,你需要寫了很多個(gè)人的文章,提出你的想法,感情和闡明觀點(diǎn)、意見,但你或許沒有充足的信息來源或想法。但是,一些科目和任務(wù),需要你超越個(gè)人的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。在你進(jìn)行研究時(shí),希望探索一種思想,探討一個(gè)問題,解決一個(gè)問題,或提出一個(gè)論點(diǎn),迫使你向外界的幫助。然后,你必須尋求,調(diào)查,并使用超越我們的個(gè)人資源的材料。在科研dissertation中出現(xiàn)這樣的調(diào)查的結(jié)果和結(jié)論??蒲衐issertation描述了一個(gè)學(xué)生的演示文稿的學(xué)術(shù)的研究。這是留學(xué)生必須要適應(yīng)融合應(yīng)對的過程,無論是新環(huán)境的生活,還是學(xué)習(xí)上的思維模式、語言交流模式以及對新的思維與環(huán)境的融合,才能讓你的學(xué)業(yè)與生活跟得上學(xué)校的步伐。
MLA科研dissertation基本原則
1,架構(gòu)必須清晰,表述必須清楚,邏輯必須合理,證據(jù)必須客觀,態(tài)度必須嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),尊重他人的勞動(dòng)和貢獻(xiàn).
,2,設(shè)置研究標(biāo)準(zhǔn),學(xué)術(shù)模式文,很準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)問題,研究方法要設(shè)置良好并很好地實(shí)施,數(shù)據(jù)假設(shè)要合理、有用, 促進(jìn)知識(shí).
,3,建議要精確、易理解、有說服力、語氣恰當(dāng).
研究性dissertation的寫作要求
(一)題名(Title,Topic)
題名即題目或標(biāo)題。題名是用最恰當(dāng)、最簡明的詞語反映dissertation中最重要的特定內(nèi)容的邏輯組合。
dissertation題目是一篇dissertation給出的涉及dissertation范圍與水平的第一個(gè)重要信息,也是必須考慮到有助于選定關(guān)鍵詞不達(dá)意和編制題錄、索引等二次文獻(xiàn)可以提供檢索的特定實(shí)用信息。 dissertation題目十分重要,必須用心斟酌選定。有人描述其重要性,用了下面的一句話:“dissertation題目是文章的一半”。 對dissertation題目的要求是:準(zhǔn)確得體:簡短精煉:外延和內(nèi)涵恰如其分:醒目。
(二)作者姓名和單位(Author and department)
這一項(xiàng)屬于dissertation署名問題。署名一是為了表明文責(zé)自負(fù),二是記錄作用的勞動(dòng)成果,三是便于讀者與作者的聯(lián)系及文獻(xiàn)檢索(作者索引)。大致分為二種情形,即:單個(gè)作者dissertation和多作者dissertation。后者按署名順序列為第一作者、第二作者……。重要的是堅(jiān)持實(shí)事求是的態(tài)度,對研究工作與dissertation撰寫實(shí)際貢獻(xiàn)最大的列為第一作者,貢獻(xiàn)次之的,列為第二作者,余類推。注明作者所在單位同樣是為了便于讀者與作者的聯(lián)系。
(三)摘要(Abstract)
dissertation一般應(yīng)有摘要,有些為了國際交流,還有外文(多用英文)摘要。它是dissertation內(nèi)容不加注釋和評(píng)論的簡短陳述。其他用是不閱讀dissertation全文即能獲得必要的信息。 摘要應(yīng)包含以下內(nèi)容:#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
①從事這一研究的目的和重要性;
②研究的主要內(nèi)容,指明完成了哪些工作;
③獲得的基本結(jié)論和研究成果,突出dissertation的新見解;
④結(jié)論或結(jié)果的意義。
(四)關(guān)鍵詞(Key words)
關(guān)鍵詞屬于主題詞中的一類。主題詞除關(guān)鍵詞外,還包含有單元詞、標(biāo)題詞的敘詞。
主題詞是用來描述文獻(xiàn)資料主題和給出檢索文獻(xiàn)資料的一種新型的情報(bào)檢索語言詞匯,正是由于它的出現(xiàn)和發(fā)展,才使得情報(bào)檢索計(jì)算機(jī)化(計(jì)算機(jī)檢索)成為可能。 主題詞是指以概念的特性關(guān)系來區(qū)分事物,用自然語言來表達(dá),并且具有組配功能,用以準(zhǔn)確顯示詞與詞之間的語義概念關(guān)系的動(dòng)態(tài)性的詞或詞組。
注意事項(xiàng)
dissertation摘要之撰寫通常在整篇dissertation將近完稿期間開始,以期能包括所有之內(nèi)容。但亦可提早寫作,然后視研究之進(jìn)度作適當(dāng)修改。有關(guān)dissertation摘要寫作時(shí)應(yīng)注意下列事項(xiàng):
(1).整理你的材料使其能在最小的空間下提供最大的信息面。
(2).用簡單而直接的句子。避免使用成語、俗語或不必要的技術(shù)性用語。
(3).請多位同僚閱讀并就其簡潔度與完整性提供意見。
(4).刪除無意義的或不必要的字眼。但亦不要矯枉過正,將應(yīng)有之字眼過份刪除,如在英文中不應(yīng)刪除必要之冠詞如a'' an'' the等。
(5).盡量少用縮寫字。在英文的情況較多,量度單位則應(yīng)使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化者。特殊縮寫字使用時(shí)應(yīng)另外加以定義。
(6).不要將在文章中未提過的數(shù)據(jù)放在摘要中。
(7).不要為擴(kuò)充版面將不重要的敘述放入摘要中,即使摘要僅能以一兩句話概括,就讓維持這樣吧,切勿畫蛇添足。
(8).不要將文中之所有數(shù)據(jù)大量地列于摘要中,平均值與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差或其它統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)僅列其最重要的一項(xiàng)即可。
(9).不要置放圖或表于摘要之中,盡量采用文字?jǐn)⑹觥?/div>
MLA科研dissertation裝訂規(guī)范
封面
目錄
摘要
Abstract
前言
正文
結(jié)論
致謝
參考文獻(xiàn)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)小結(jié)
附錄
封底
四、 參考文獻(xiàn)格式
序號(hào)、作者、書名(dissertation名)、出版社(期刊名)、出版時(shí)間(期刊時(shí)間)
注:完成1500字的外文文獻(xiàn)譯文
MLA科研dissertation英文敘述范例:
1Research and Writing
1.1THE RESEARCH PAPER AS A FORM OF EXPLORATION
During your school career you have probably written many personal essays that presented your thoughts, feelings, and opinions and that did not refer to any other source of information or ideas. Some subjects and assignments, however, require us to go beyond our personal knowledge and experience. We undertake research when we wish to explore an idea, probe an issue, solve a problem, or make an argument that compels us to turn to outside help. We then seek out, investigate, and use materials beyond our personal resources. The findings and conclusions of such an inquiry appear in the research paper. The term research paper describes a presentation of student research that may be in a printed, an electronic, or a multimedia format.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
The research paper is generally based on primary research, secondary research, or a combination of the two. Primary research is the study of a subject through firsthand observation and investigation, such as analyzing a literary or historical text, a film, or a performance; conducting a survey or an interview; or carrying out a laboratory experiment. Primary sources include statistical data, historical documents, and works of literature or art. Secondary research is the examination of studies that other researchers have made of a subject. Examples of secondary sources are books and articles about political issues, historical events, scientific debates, or literary works.
Most academic papers depend at least partly on secondary research. No matter what your subject of study, learning to investigate, review, and productively use information, ideas, and opinions of other researchers will play a major role in your development as a student. The sorts of activities that constitute a research paper—identifying, locating, assessing, and assimilating others' research and then developing and expressing your own ideas clearly and persuasively—are at the center of the educational experience.
These skills are by no means just academic. Like the research papers you write in school, many reports and proposals required in business, government, and other professions rely on secondary research. Learning how to write a research paper, then, can help prepare you for assignments in your professional career. It is difficult to think of any profession that would not require you to consult sources of information about a specific subject, to combine this information with your ideas, and to present your thoughts, findings, and conclusions effectively.
Research increases your knowledge and understanding of a subject. Sometimes research will confirm your ideas and opinions; sometimes it will challenge and modify them. But almost always it will help to shape your thinking. Unless your instructor specifically directs you otherwise, a research paper should not merely review publications and extract a series of quotations from them. Rather, you should look for sources that provide new information, that helpfully survey the various positions already taken on a specific subject, that lend authority to your viewpoint, that expand or nuance your ideas, that offer methods or modes of thought you can apply to new data or subjects, or that furnish negative examples against which you wish to argue. As you use and scrupulously acknowledge sources, however, always remember that the main purpose of doing research is not to summarize the work of others but to assimilate and to build on it and to arrive at your own understanding of the subject.
A book like this cannot present all the profitable ways of doing research. Because this handbook emphasizes the mechanics of preparing effective papers, it may give you the mistaken impression that the process of researching and writing a research paper follows a fixed pattern. The truth is that different paths can and do lead to successful research papers. Some researchers may pursue a more or less standard sequence of steps, but others may find themselves working less sequentially. In addition, certain projects lend themselves to a standard approach, whereas others may call for different strategies. Keeping in mind that researchers and projects differ, this book discusses activities that nearly all writers of research papers perform, such as selecting a suitable topic, conducting research, compiling a working bibliography, taking notes, outlining, and preparing the paper.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
If you are writing your first research paper, you may feel overwhelmed by the many tasks discussed here. This handbook is designed to help you learn to manage a complex process efficiently. As you follow the book's advice on how to locate and document sources, how to format your paper, and so forth, you may be tempted to see doing a paper as a mechanical exercise. Actually, a research paper is an adventure, an intellectual adventure rather like solving a mystery: it is a form of exploration that leads to discoveries that are new—at least to you if not to others. The mechanics of the research paper, important though they are, should never override the intellectual challenge of pursuing a question that interests you. This quest or search should guide your research and your writing. Even though you are just learning how to prepare a research paper, you may still experience some of the excitement of pursuing and developing ideas that is one of the great satisfactions of research, and scholarship.
1.2THE RESEARCH PAPER AS A FORM OF WRITING
A research paper is a form of written communication. Like other kinds of nonfiction writing—letters, memos, reports, essays, articles, books — it should present information and ideas clearly and effectively. You should not let the mechanics of gathering source materials, taking notes, and documenting sources make you forget to apply the knowledge and skills you have acquired through previous writing experiences.
This handbook is not about expository writing. (See 1.12 for a selected list of useful books on composition, usage, language, and style.) It is, instead, a guide for the preparation of research papers. No set of conventions for preparing a manuscript can replace lively and intelligent writing, however, and no amount of research and documentation can compensate for a poor presentation of ideas. Although you must fully document the facts and opinions you draw from your research.
如果您有論文代寫需求,可以通過下面的方式聯(lián)系我們
點(diǎn)擊聯(lián)系客服