紐卡斯?fàn)柎髮W(xué)（Newcastle University）社會(huì)學(xué)dissertation范文：當(dāng)下中國(guó)養(yǎng)老制度可行性分析

The “one child” policy in China has effectively controlled the high speed of population growth, but also brought a series problems. Especially it has brought enormous aging problem to society.在中國(guó)的“獨(dú)生子女”政策，有效地控制了人口增長(zhǎng)速度，但同時(shí)也帶來(lái)了一系列問題。特別是它帶來(lái)了巨大的社會(huì)老化問題。

According to the traditional standards of the United Nations, a regional has more than 10 per cent population of over 60 years old people is called aging society. New standard is more than 7 per cent population of over 65 years old people.按照聯(lián)合國(guó)傳統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，一個(gè)地區(qū)有超過10％的人口超過60歲的人被稱為老齡化社會(huì)。新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是65歲以上的老人超過7％的人口。

An aging process normally took decades or even hundreds years, for example, French took 115 years, UK took 80 years, but China only took 18 years to enter aging society. Even depends on new standard, China already had more than 7 per cent population of over 65 years old people from 2000.正常老化過程花了幾十年甚至百年，例如，法國(guó)花了115年，英國(guó)花了80年，但是中國(guó)只花了18年進(jìn)入老齡化社會(huì)。甚至依賴于新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，中國(guó)已經(jīng)有超過7％的人口從2000年的超過65歲的人。

China has not yet set up an appropriate pension system, and aging problem makes it more difficult.中國(guó)還沒有成立相應(yīng)的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度，老化的問題更加困難。

In fact, pension is a foreign object to Chinese. The traditional approach let family to commit this responsibility. Children will support elderly and their children will support them. It is a sustainable approach as a result of China was a long history agricultural country. Modern society is no longer requiring people stay with lands, and the fetters of family is no longer as strong as in the past. People have increasingly demand of distance and privacy. According to National Social Security Bureau survey, more than more young people do not accept the traditional concept of cares for the aged. More than 90 per cent people still agree with pay their parents’ elderly life needs, but when taking about their elderly life, younger people represent different thoughts.

事實(shí)上，養(yǎng)老是中國(guó)的一個(gè)外物。傳統(tǒng)的方法讓家人來(lái)提交這個(gè)責(zé)任。孩子們會(huì)支持老人和他們的子女會(huì)支持他們。由于中國(guó)是一個(gè)歷史悠久的農(nóng)業(yè)大國(guó)，這是一種可持續(xù)的方法?，F(xiàn)代社會(huì)不再需要人留與土地，家庭的羈絆已不再是強(qiáng)如在過去。人們已越來(lái)越多地要求的距離和隱私。根據(jù)國(guó)家社會(huì)保障局調(diào)查，不接受超過更多的年輕人關(guān)心老年的傳統(tǒng)觀念。超過90％的人仍然同意支付他們的父母的老年生活需求，但他們的老年生活時(shí)，年輕人代表著不同的想法.  More and more young people concerned about their privacy, and no longer willing to live with their children after retirement. Meanwhile, many people only have the national mandatory basic pension insurance to be the retirement income. 越來(lái)越多的年輕人關(guān)注自己的隱私，并不再愿意退休后與子女同住。同時(shí)，很多人不僅有國(guó)家強(qiáng)制性的基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)成為退休后的收入。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#

Because of China’s special history and national conditions, when foreign objects come into China, there have been barely social debates.  Many people do not really think through why we need state pension insurance.  Because the principle of Chinese Economic Opening is “trial and error”, “no matter black or white, clutching the mouse is a good cat”. Once something looks good in other countries, we normally copy and use it immediately. Pension insurance has been recognised as one of the most important social responsibility of modern country, thus once government copy a pension system from outside, which looks right as it always be, people just naturally accepted it.由于中國(guó)特殊的歷史和國(guó)情，當(dāng)異物進(jìn)入中國(guó)時(shí)，已經(jīng)幾乎沒有社會(huì)辯論。許多人并不真正思考我們?yōu)槭裁葱枰獓?guó)有養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)。由于中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)開放的原則是“嘗試錯(cuò)誤法”，“沒有不管黑貓白貓，抓著耗子就是好貓”。一旦某樣?xùn)|西看起來(lái)不錯(cuò)，在其他國(guó)家，我們通常復(fù)制，并立即使用它。養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)已確認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代國(guó)家最重要的社會(huì)責(zé)任之一，因此養(yǎng)老金制度從外面看起來(lái)是對(duì)的，這樣一旦政府從外面復(fù)制一個(gè)養(yǎng)老金制度，如通?？雌饋?lái)是正確的，人們就自然接受。

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Since the founding of China only have 60 years, and only 30 years from Economic Opening. The state pension system was established in a rash way. Now the pension system is facing great challenges due to economic and demographic problems. Under such situations, government has been implementing a series of pension reforms. Whether these reforms are running on a right direction and whether it will bring tangible benefits to average people, this article will discuss it.

In fact, Friedman (1962) discussed whether governments have to establish mandatory pension system to everyone. Friedman indicated the only advantage of mandatory pension system is preventing some irresponsible people who did not plan their retirement plan to become a burden on government and charity.事實(shí)上，弗里德曼（1962）討論政府是否建立強(qiáng)制性的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度給大家。弗里德曼表示，強(qiáng)制性養(yǎng)老金制度的唯一的好處是防止一些不負(fù)責(zé)任的人，誰(shuí)沒有計(jì)劃自己的退休計(jì)劃，以政府和慈善成為一種負(fù)擔(dān)。

This advantage only existed when there were a big number of such irresponsible people.  However, if the number was small, set up mandatory pension system was only damaging the right of freedom of disposable income of majority people.這種優(yōu)勢(shì)只存在這種不負(fù)責(zé)任的人當(dāng)有一個(gè)大數(shù)目。但是，如果數(shù)量很小，設(shè)立強(qiáng)制性的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度只損害多數(shù)人的可支配收入的自由權(quán)。

He also indicated there was no needs to establishing mandatory pension system. http://ukthesis.org/shxGovernment could ask individual pay a contribution, or buy pensions from private company, or buy certain amount of pensions. Briefly, government could provide several pension plans and compete in a capital market. It is the best way to satisfy different kind of needs of different person, and very effective.他還表示，有沒有需要建立強(qiáng)制性的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度。政府可能會(huì)問個(gè)人支付了貢獻(xiàn)，或從私人公司購(gòu)買養(yǎng)老金，或購(gòu)買一定數(shù)額的養(yǎng)老金。簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，政府可以提供一些退休金計(jì)劃和資本市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這是最好的方式，以滿足不同人的需求，不同種類的和非常有效的。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#

A significant point of Friedman’s opinion is capital market. However, during the past 30 years, China was always attempting to establish a safety, effective, and fair capital market, but still mission uncompleted, especially the weak regulation system.  In a bad economic environment, opening social insurance market to private competition is not wise.  However, after 30 years economic opening with great economic success, maybe now is a good timing to consider this choice.Friedman的觀點(diǎn)是資本市場(chǎng)重要的一點(diǎn)。然而，在過去的30年中，中國(guó)一直在試圖建立一個(gè)安全，有效，公平的資本市場(chǎng)，但仍然未完成的使命，尤其是弱調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)。在糟糕的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境，社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)開放給私人競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是不明智的。然而，經(jīng)過30多年的經(jīng)濟(jì)開放的經(jīng)濟(jì)成就，也許現(xiàn)在是一個(gè)很好的時(shí)機(jī)考慮這個(gè)選擇。 

This article will analyse details of present state pension system, pension reform performance, and compare with international experiences. Finally, we will discuss some expert mainstreams of pension reform.本文將分析當(dāng)前狀態(tài)的養(yǎng)老制度，養(yǎng)老制度改革的性能的詳細(xì)信息，并與國(guó)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)比較。最后，我們將討論一些專家的養(yǎng)老制度改革的主流。