英國蘭卡斯特大學(xué)課件范文(Lancaster University)：安全及環(huán)保措施與溫室氣體排放之間的相互關(guān)系

Interrelations - Safety and environmental protection measures versus GHG emissions
相互關(guān)系 - 安全及環(huán)保措施與溫室氣體排放量

The comprehensive and detailed regulations ensuring necessary minimum protection of crew, passengers, the environment as well as the ship are interrelated in many ways. The effect of changes by introducing amendments within the safety regime may well be in disharmony with one or more objectives within the environmental regime and vice versa. Some examples of objective inconsistency may be obvious whilst the effect of others might involve complex mechanisms and may therefore not emerge as obvious.
廣泛及詳細的規(guī)定，以很多種相關(guān)的形式確保了船員，乘客，環(huán)境及船舶的必要最低限保護。通過在安全制度的范圍內(nèi)，引入修改變化的影響，可能會與一個或多個目的環(huán)境制度相反，反之亦然。

The introduction of unintentional effects caused by the implementation of any measures should be considered (UNCLAS). In many cases, it is evident that the working groups of the MEPC and the MSC do consider such effects. One example is that of the discussions on measures preventing the transfer of unwanted harmful aquatic substances, when introducing the change of ballast water in open seas. The potential consequences on both strength and stability was forwarded to appropriate working groups and dealt with. However, it does not seem to be any standard mechanisms ensuring such considerations to be undertaken. As many cases might not occur obvious, this might be necessary.
強度和穩(wěn)定性的潛在后果轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)到適當?shù)墓ぷ鹘M中進行處理。然而，這似乎并沒有任何標準的機制，確保將要進行這樣的考慮。由于很多情況下，可能不會發(fā)生明顯的，這可能是必要的。

1. Measures and effects
措施及效果

An assessment on regulative measures related to maritime safety has revealed a number of ten international conventions, agreements, regulations and standards (Table 7-2). SOLAS has been recognised as the most important international regulative frame dealing with these topics.
SOLAS, its main area of application and its development to date, have been assessed in order to define restraints likely to impact the potential of reducing GHG emissions from international shipping. Similarly, an assessment has identified five international conventions defining technical and operational constraints provided to ensure environmentally safe operations. MARPOL is the major tool conducting the extent of such constraints. An assessment of MARPOL regulations have been undertaken in order to identify requirements, recommendations or standards violating the potential of reducing the GHG-emissions from international shipping.
同樣，評估確定了五個國際公約定義的技術(shù)和業(yè)務(wù)限制，以確保環(huán)境安全的操作。對“防污公約”的主要工具進行了程度等因素的制約。“防污公約”的規(guī)定已開展評估，以確定從國際航運的要求，建議或標準，違反減少溫室氣體排放的潛力。#p#分頁標題#e#

1.1. GHG reduction and preventing characteristics
減少溫室氣體排放和防止特性

Regulative constraints identified have specific characteristics allowing them to be grouped by categories. Such categories are presented in Table 7-3. Table 7-4 and Table 7-5 lists requirements of SOLAS and MARPOL respectively by category following the assessment carried out above.
調(diào)控的制約因素使他們能夠按類別分組的具體特點。這種類別列在表7-3中。表7-4和表7-5列出了“海上人命安全公約”和“防污公約”要求按類別進行評估。

Category 1 Measures limiting cargo carrying capacity
第一類措施限制載貨能力

Initiatives reducing a vessel's ability to utilise actual cargo carrying capacity are initiated on both safety grounds as well as from a pollution prevention stand. Measures might impose operational limitations;
減少船舶的能力，利用實際載貨能力的倡議發(fā)起在兼顧安全性的理由，以及從污染防治站。措施可能對操作上的限制;

Loading restraints aiming at reducing stress imposed on the vessel structure or they can involve constructional features;
加載限制旨在減少壓力對血管結(jié)構(gòu)或涉及的結(jié)構(gòu)特點;

Securing cargo from entering the environment following an incident by requiring a double hull.
確保貨物進入環(huán)境事件后，要求雙殼。

Regulations in MARPOL, Annex I will in effect impose a ban of carrying oil cargo in vessels other than those built with double hull after reaching thirty years of age. The void space between the hulls represents empty space travelling and does represent a fuel penalty. Among category I initiatives, double hull requirement hold the highest penalty potential. Potential fuel penalty carried by category I measures are considered high.
在“防污公約”附件規(guī)定，變相禁止攜帶貨油的船舶，除雙船體建成后達到30歲。船體之間的空隙較空的太空旅行，并不代表燃油死刑。

Category II Measures introducing additional energy consumers
第二類措施引入額外的能源消費者

Regulations of both SOLAS and MARPOL motivate for the implementation of additional functions resulting in more onboard equipment and hence an increase of items to be accounted for in the energy balance of the vessel.

Requirements on duplication of functions are thought to have a more significant impact on total power requirement than that of introducing new functions. However, technological advance has improved energy efficiency for a number of traditional shipboard functions. The introduction of new requirements might in some cases open for the use of more energy efficient solutions.

Taken into account the limited share of the ship total energy requirement underway represented by energy consumers other than main propulsion, it can be concluded that category II measures represent only minor potential fuel penalty impact.#p#分頁標題#e#
采取考慮船舶的總能量需求正在進行中所代表的主推進以外的能源消費的份額有限，但可以斷定，第二類措施是只有輕微的潛在燃料罰款影響。

Category III Measures effecting general efficiency

第三類 措施影響一般效率

Identified measures represented in this category include those with impact on the routing patterns of the ship. These might initiate the vessel to obtain a lane that does not represent optimum efficiency. The introduction of restrictions in an area might cause the operators to avoid these either by de-routing and consequently increase fuel consumed or re-load cargo onto other means of transport that might represent a lesser efficiency (land based transport alternatives  http://ukthesis.org/ygsslwdx/  ). However, routing as such do carry a potential of improving fuel efficiency as well (for example weather routing).

The potential of measures falling into category III might cause a significant increase in fuel consumed in transporting goods even though requiring a set of circumstances to be present. The potential fuel penalty can be considered medium.
第三類的措施的潛力可能會導(dǎo)致燃料消耗的顯著增加，即使運送貨物需要一組的情況下，本。潛在的燃料罰款可以視為中等。

Category IV Miscellaneous measures.
第四類 雜項措施。

Some initiatives in the safety and environmental protection area does not fully comply with the specified categories defined above and have thus been given a separate category. Measures falling into this can be visualised from both SOLAS and MARPOL regulations.

Measures requiring or advising the vessel to use reception facilities might increase fuel consume due to a potential need to undertake energy-requiring onboard processing operations and to increase the length of a voyage. In addition, the vessel will carry additional weight over a longer distance and thus use more energy.

The required inert gas procedures introduce additional equipment and might be argued to belong to category II. However, since CO2 (exhaust from machinery) is sometimes used for the purpose, it is listed under category IV.
惰性氣體所需的程序引入額外的設(shè)備，可能會說屬于第二類。但是，由于二氧化碳（廢氣機械）有時被用來為目的，它是第四類上市。

The latest Annex of MARPOL is explicitly directed towards the protection from pollution to air emphasising on reducing the emissions of ozone depleting substances NOx and SOx among others. The two latter components origin from the combustion of fuel. As there are a combustion efficiency aspect related to the production of NOx, one will expect the NOx limits drawn to impact the fuel consumption in an unfortunately manner. This is dealt with in depth elsewhere in this study.#p#分頁標題#e#
因為有很多有關(guān)生產(chǎn)NOx的燃燒效率方面，一會想到畫一種很不幸地影響燃料消費的NOx限制。這是處理與深度在這項研究中的其他地方。

Category IV measures are considered only to have a minor potential of impacting the level of fuel consumed.
第四類措施被認為是只能有一個輕微的潛在影響燃料消耗水平。